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==Design== The interaction between soil (ground) and structure consists of an exchange of mutual stress between the structure itself and the foundations ground. This means that the movement of the whole ground-structure system is influenced by the type of ground as well as by the type of structure. The main types of foundations, based upon several building characteristics, are: * Isolated plinths (currently not feasible) * Plinths connected by foundations beams * Reverse beams * A plate (used for low-quality grounds) The filing of foundations grounds takes place according to the mechanical properties of the grounds themselves: in Italy, for instance, according to the new earthquake-proof norm – Ordinanza 3274/2003 – you can identify the following categories: * Category A: homogeneous rock formations * Category B: compact granular or clayey soil * Category C: quite compact granular or clayey soil * Category D: not much compact granular or clayey soil * Category E: alluvial surface layer grounds (very low quality soil) The type of foundations is selected according to the type of ground; for instance, in the case of homogeneous rock formations connected plinths are selected, while in the case of very low quality grounds plates are chosen. For further information about the various ways of building foundations see foundation (architecture). Both grounds and structures can be more or less deformable; their combination can or cannot cause the amplification of the seismic effects on the structure. Ground, in fact, is a filter with respect to all the main seismic waves, as stiffer soil fosters high-frequency seismic waves while less compact soil accommodates lower frequency waves. Therefore, a stiff building, characterized by a high fundamental frequency, suffers amplified damage when built on stiff ground and then subjected to higher frequencies. For instance, suppose there are two buildings that share the same high stiffness. They stand on two different soil types: the first, stiff and rocky—the second, sandy and deformable. If subjected to the same seismic event, the building on the stiff ground suffers greater damage. The second interaction effect, tied to mechanical properties of soil, is about the lowering (sinking) of foundations, worsened by the seismic event itself, especially about less compact grounds. This phenomenon is called soil liquefaction. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ground–structure interaction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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